2008年5月14日星期三

汶川地震:中国形象的嬗变信号

英国《金融时报》中文网公共政策编辑高嵩
2008年5月13日 星期二

一场引发近万人死亡的特大地震在中国猝然发生,震波罕见地波及中国很大范围的领土:北到内蒙古,南至海南省,东达上海,共22个省、直辖市及自治区。中国官方内部的动员体系此次显然有了截然不同的轨迹。种种迹象表明,中国政府在应对自然灾害方面,正试图改变既往隐瞒或公布迟缓的做法,以期掌握舆论的主动。

猝不及防的7.8级地震在中国西部四川省汶川县爆发时,远在千里之外的中国内地很多城市即刻感受到震波的存在。灾难中的死亡数字,不断增加。据中国官方的统计,截至今天临晨时止,四川全省的死亡人数已经达到惊人的8533人。相信这不会是最后的伤亡数字。

这场波及大半个中国、影响了数以亿计人口的灾难,几乎在一瞬间,成为昨天下午中国最主要的话题。下午3点,北京东四十条附近,西装革履的白领逃离短时摇晃的高楼,站在路边观望、交谈、发短信,等待危险过去;上海徐家汇的街头,也挤满离开办公室的人们;就连绝少感受到地震的贵州山区,建筑物的震颤也让人感到恐慌。但并非所有的人都能感受到这种震动,正在驾驶的北京的士司机赵明说,他直到听乘客说起,才知道地震的事情,“车在走动,没感觉。”


手机间突然上升的短信和对话,让网络压力陡增,各种猜测也开始出现,包括三峡大坝的建成对四川复杂地质可能带来的影响等。几乎是突然间,来自媒体的声音加入到信息传递的潮流中。

汶川地震发生约18分钟后,新华网开始发布消息。短短几个小时,新浪、腾讯等中国知名门户网站,已将海量新闻,包括对地震的防护方法等,以板块组合的形式,呈现于首页的显要位置。除了新华社记者的文稿,大量的信息来自各主要城市平面媒体们主办的网站,这些有直播色彩文字,不断刷新——在过去,这些内容或要等平面媒体发表后,才会在其网站上公布。

声誉甚佳的《财经》杂志主办的财经网基本实现了对此次震灾的滚动报道。昔日擅长深度调查的写手,现在更像通讯社的记者,把采写的简短信息不断上网。他们甚至制作了一段视频,将其放到首页供阅读者点击观看。视频摄自北京东城区一处写字楼聚集地,采访者不断询问逃离办公室的白领们对震动的感受。镜头里,一名过分敬业的保险推销员“危机公关”,大声向身边的女职员们推销其保险计划。

下午晚些时候,紧急集结的中国军人努力通过受损严重的道路,赶赴四川、云南地震严重区域救援,中国总理温家宝也紧急出现在震灾地区之一都江堰市。他在专机上的救灾讲话在中国的国家电视台里反复播出。深夜,温在灾区行走查看的镜头几乎同时在电视和互联网上出现。

人民网上出现北京昨夜会有余震的预测文字不久,中国地震局即发言澄清此为谣言。

在中国,这是一次少有的媒体反应快过行政部门的救灾、调查进度的竞赛。

从北京到边远的贵州,可以看到整个行政体系都在把“及时公开准确信息” 作为稳定民心的关键,电视、网络甚至手机短信,都成为官方信息的发布渠道。

2008年,对于中国,显然是个不能平静的年份。年初的冰雪灾害的影响还未过去,这次影响空前的地震又突然发生。但与几个月前冰雪灾害中的迟钝与封闭相比,中国行政机构此番似乎换了全新面孔,尤其是对公众的信息回应,令观察者印象深刻。

中国网络媒体让不能同步出版的印刷媒体们相形见拙。从昨天下午2时46分第一条新闻在网上出现到今天临晨,中国几家大的门户网站已经形成了规模效应。一些网站还动员在灾区的博客主人记录他们在一线看到的情景。这一情形在西方或许不是新闻,但在中国,或具有里程碑式的不同。中国的互联网再一次证明其主流地位,不是靠行政级别,而是靠强大的信息整合方式及对2亿网民的影响力。

一些未必受欢迎的信息,也借助互联网庞大的交流空间流传出来——

例如,四川媒体曾披露的异常征兆,比如蟾蜍大规模迁移,在当地林业机构的解释中,成为“正常现象”。

一位中国地震局地球物理研究所研究员在五年前的论文中也曾提醒,“四川地区下一次7级以上地震孕育已经接近成熟”。

1976年的唐山大地震,往往被当作此次地震的坐标。“文革”末期针对新闻的封锁,可谓登峰造极:先是不准记者进入灾区,之后,对进去的记者也有严格限制:只准拍物,不得拍人。以至于今天,后人在留下的照片里只能看到彼时的残垣断壁,而很难看到那些伤者或死者。

两周前,中国的《政府信息公开条例》开始实施。据此条例精神,对突发事件的及时公布,是官方的责任和义务。而让人纳闷的是,既往在各种灾难报道中表现不凡的一些知名地方媒体,已接到来自宣传系统的禁令:不得派记者进入地震灾区——看来,没有官方的首肯,中国媒体对信息传递的多元参与,仍不能松开手脚,尽管这种松绑对政府当下的救灾和随后的慈善动员有益无害


注:本文仅代表作者本人观点。

中国四川发生强烈地震 迄今遇难者逾万

英国《金融时报》王明(Mure Dickie)北京、吉密欧(Jamil Anderlini)重庆报道
2008年5月13日 星期二

中国西南的四川省昨日遭遇中国30多年来最严重的地震,截止记者发稿时间为止,已经有一万多人遇难。一些山区由于山体滑坡、电力和通讯中断,与外界断绝了联系,因此死亡人数估计还会增加。

据当地媒体报道称,有多所学校校舍坍塌,数百名学生被埋在瓦砾下。

地震发生数小时后,中国总理温家宝即乘飞机前往四川省,指挥党政官员投入救灾工作,并命令部队“就是步行”也要尽快进入受灾最严重的地区。


近年,政府对洪灾与传染病的反应遭到了人们的批评,这场地震将是对中国政府处理自然灾害能力的重大考验。政府迅速调派了5000名部队官兵和武警前往灾区。

这场地震发生于当地时间昨日下午2时28分,震中位于四川省汶川县,在省会成都市以北100公里。中国传媒称这次地震的震级为7.8级,但根据美国地质调查局的评估,这场地震规模为7.9级。

官方媒体称,地震发生10小时后,汶川地区的交通通讯仍处于中断状态,但附近北川县的死亡人数已达7000余人。官方媒体补充称,大雨阻碍了救援行动。政府官员表示,越靠近震中地区,情况可能越糟糕。

中国各地均有震感,周边省份也出现伤亡。远至北京和东部沿海的上海,受惊的上班族纷纷逃离办公楼。

政府官员迅速澄清道,位于湖北省境内的长江三峡大坝未发现损伤。批评人士曾表示,三峡大坝易受地震影响。

受影响地区多为山区或乡村,因此,经济损失可能相对较小。初步报道称,四川省会成都和省内其它工业化程度相对较高地区只有轻微损害。

汶川所在地区有大量羌族与藏族人居住。在3月中旬之后,部分地区已经不允许外国记者进入,当时,这里的藏族人发动了反政府的暴力抗议行动。

由于山区的通讯大面积中断,昨日无法电话联系震中地区。中国最大的移动运营商中国移动(China Mobile)四川分公司称,有2300个移动电话基站受损。

这是自1976年的唐山大地震以来,中国所经历的最严重地震。唐山大地震至少造成27.05万人死亡。

在相当长的时间里,中国政府曾试图掩盖唐山地震的严重程度。但最近几年,中国政府再三强调,政府官员在灾难信息方面应更加公开。

中国有大面积国土位于地震多发地带,不过多数地震都发生在人烟稀少的西部地区。1556年,位于北方的陕西省曾遭遇有记录以来最严重的地震,约83万人丧生

地震伤亡凸现中国城乡差距

2008年5月12日星期一

地震考验中国领导人(华尔街日报)

2008年05月13日11:06


图片报导:震后余生
国际社会制定针对中缅两国的救援方案
美林认为地震不会严重损害中国经济

中国西南周一发生强烈地震,周二时已有将近1万人丧生,并让今年已承受了多次严峻考验的中国领导人面临了一场新危机。

此次发生在四川汶川县的地震是近年来袭击人口密集区的最强地震之一,震中周围大片山区的校舍、商店及房屋倒塌。据中国官方媒体新华社报道,当地官员估计,仅四川的北川一县就有3,000至5,000人丧生,据估计,该县80%的建筑物倒塌。

全面的损失情况尚不清楚,原因之一在于受灾地区通信线路毁坏。新华社报导,降雨以及岩石阻路的情况影响了救援工作。


新华社报导,邻近震中的都江堰市聚源中学一栋主教学楼发生垮塌,截至目前,420多名学生中仅有不到100名获救。

在校门外,家长们挤在防雨油布下相拥而泣,苦苦等待孩子们的消息。营救人员动用了重型起重机,试图掀起倒塌的水泥板。

一位名叫李大昌(音)的家长说道,当房屋倒塌时没有人来帮我们;这栋楼的建筑质量太差了,有那么多贪官,他们吞了钱,盖出质量这么差的楼。李大昌16岁女儿的遗体刚刚从碎石中挖出。

一位名叫王周群(音)的家长哭着说,他们找不到我们的孩子。她十多岁的女儿还没有被找到。


此次强震使得中国领导人今年面临了又一场严重危机的考验,而政府今年的工作重点本应是成功举办夏季奥运会。今年1月,中国遭受了50年来最严重的雪灾,华中和华南大部分地区的交通和电力供应中断数周之久,导致农作物和牲畜受灾死亡,并令本已在十年来高点运行的通胀进一步恶化。

3月份时,西藏首府拉萨发生激烈的反政府抗议活动,政府随即进行镇压,引发了中国西部许多地方的藏区骚乱,迄今仍未完全平息。周一的地震也波及了部分曾出现骚乱的藏区。西藏事件点燃了海外对中国政府的批评浪潮,导致奥运火炬在西方重要城市传递时遭遇激烈抗议,而这种情况反过来又致使中国的反西方情绪高涨。

灾难过后

中国人可能会密切关注地震发生后的情况,并把它当作对政府协调复杂援救活动能力的一个考验,同时也要看看中国政府将如何在实现自救和寻求外援之间找到平衡。已在邻近的缅甸强热带风暴灾区待命的救援组织表示正在等待中国政府的消息,看中方是否希望得到他们的帮助。

在中国当前的建筑热潮中,此次强震考验了人们对抗震标准的执行情况,当地官员也会因此承受压力。

美国地质调查局(U.S. Geological Survey)表示,此次发生于当地时间午后的地震强度达到了里氏7.8级。最初的震动十分强烈,连在震中西南近2,000公里的泰国首都曼谷都有震感。中国两个最重要城市北京和上海的写字楼都摇晃不已,令一些人晕眩作呕,办公楼中的人们纷纷疏散逃避。两地距震中均超过1,500公里。主震后,震区还发生了十几次余震,其中许多超过5级。

新华社报导,四川什邡市两个化工厂厂房倒塌,数百人被埋;当地80余吨液氨泄漏,附近6000多名居民进行了疏散。

吞噬生命的残砖碎瓦

广告在四川都江堰市,整栋整栋六、七层的高楼顷刻间坍塌成一堆一堆的碎转,破碎的水泥板和家具随处可见。付旭芬(音)说,我的父亲死在了这里。她在地震发生后冲过去看她父亲的情况,却看到父亲的家已经成了一片废墟。

中国领导人迅速采取了行动,向公众表明他们正在全力抗震救灾。总理温家宝在地震发生后几小时之内就从北京动身前往灾区,国有媒体随后刊登的照片显示他正通过手提喇叭鼓励都江堰一所倒塌的医院中废墟下可能的幸存者。

主席胡锦涛主持了中央政治局会议,全面部署当前的救灾工作。他表示,抗震救灾是当前的首要任务。新华社报导,已有数千名官兵和武警开赴灾区展开救援。

分析师表示,中国政府在救灾反应上可能要比缅甸军政府更为有效;由于拒绝接收许多外界援救物资入境,缅甸政府被指可能加剧伤亡情况。救援专家表示,如果中国需要救灾装备或搜救犬的帮助的话,中国应尽快提出要求,来和时间赛跑。

救援人员在都江堰市一所中学的废墟中寻找生还者在地震发生后数小时,捷克共和国已提出要派遣一个15人的地震搜救专家组,同行的还有他们训练有素的搜救犬,这条消息得到了驻华盛顿使馆发言人的证实。捷克驻北京大使馆通过驻华外国记者协会(Foreign Correspondents Club of China) 发表的声明表示,中国外交部已经对捷克方面这一举动表示了感谢,并承诺“将研究”这一提议。捷克大使馆发言人周一下午表示,捷克政府并未就此从中国官员那里得到回馈。记者未能联系到中方官员对此置评。

红十字会与红新月会国际联合会(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)救灾管理官员谷庆辉说,目前最重要的的是疏散和救援工作,并向灾民提供基本的食宿。他说,该机构从灾区收集信息的工作开展得非常困难,但此前官方估测显示可能有重大伤亡。

美林(Merrill Lynch)发布的研究报告显示,此次地震不太可能明显放缓中国蓬勃的经济增长,因此四川并非制造业重镇。在有关震级的消息得到传播之前,中国股市最初对此次地震所做的反应并不强烈。

此次地震发生在当地时间下午2:28,美国地质调查局称震中在成都市西北方向仅有约90公里。拥有1000万居民的成都是中国人口大省四川的省会。

载着重伤员的救护车周二早间涌入成都。它们和向灾区深处开进的救灾人员车辆、地动检测设备以及电力维修车擦身而过。由于周二早间仍是余震不断,成都居民都因为害怕而不敢进屋,宁愿冒着大雨拥在街头。

50岁建筑工人张会勇(音)原来家住市区某楼房的七层。她昨晚从家里带出了几床棉被,和家人在外面过的夜。她说,我害怕还有地震发生,真的太可怕了。

上千学生和当地居民在在四川电子科技大学的操场上露宿,有的人睡着了,还有人聚拢在收音机前想收听到最新的伤亡人数报导。20岁的大二学生贺荣(音)抓着手机不停地给位于震中附近的老家拨电话。她说,我一个人都联系不上,我很担心。

建筑热潮

近年来,中国经济的高速发展带动了建筑热,专家表示,在像成都这样的大城市中,房屋往往都能遵照严格的抗震标准进行建设,中国在唐山大地震后进一步强化了相关规定。周一地震发生地区的房屋抗震标准尤其严格,因为那里本身就是地震高发区。

但是在小城镇和村庄中,这些标准的执行力度往往要差得多。周一这场地震的震中附近地区就是这样,因此有些人担心当地的伤亡人数要比初步报告的多。

香港科技大学(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)民用工程系教授Zhang Limin表示,让他最担心的是四川的农村房屋,他怀疑这些房屋在建造时根本没有遵守抗震标准;他预计损失会相当严重。Zhang Limin的父母生活在距离震中约50公里的地方,周一下午时他未能联系到他们。

Nearly 10,000 reported killed by China quake



CHENGDU, China (CNN) -- Rainy weather and poor logistics thwarted efforts by relief troops who walked for hours over rock, debris and mud on Tuesday in hopes of reaching the worst-hit area of an earthquake that killed nearly 10,000 in central China, state-run media reported.


Newly born babiesare moved at a hospital in Nanchong, China, in this photo from Xinhua.

1 of 3more photos » Setting out from Maerkang in Sichuan Province at 8 p.m. Monday, the 100 or so troops had to travel 200 kilometers (124 miles) to go before reaching Wenchuan, the epicenter of the quake, also in the province, Xinhua reported. After seven hours, they still had 70 kilometers (43 miles) to go.

"I have seen many collapsed civilian houses, and the rocks dropped from mountains on the roadside are everywhere," the head of the unit, Li Zaiyuan, told Xinhua.

Added CNN Correspondent John Vause: "The roads here are terrible in the best of times ... right now they're down right atrocious. They've resorted to going in one man at a time on foot."

Nearly all the confirmed deaths were in Sichuan Province, but rescuers were hindered because roads linking it to the provincial capital, Chengdu, were damaged, Xinhua reported.

Local radio quoted disaster relief officials as saying a third of the buildings in Wenchuan collapsed from the quake and another third were seriously damaged.

The earthquake was powerful enough to be felt throughout most of China. Many children were buried under the rubble of their schools.

The Chinese government said the death toll was sure to rise.

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An expert told CNN the 7.9-magnitude quake at about 2:28 p.m. Monday (6:28 a.m. GMT) was the largest the region has seen "for over a generation."

Residents as far as Chongqing -- about 200 miles from the epicenter in Sichuan Province -- spent the night outdoors, too afraid of aftershocks to sleep indoors.

Local radio in Sichuan quoted disaster relief officials as saying a third of the buildings in Wenchuan collapsed from the quake and another third were seriously damaged. Watch as the death toll rises »

The state-run Zhongxin news agency reported that a survivor who escaped Beichuan county in Sichuan Province described the province as having been "razed to the ground."

The Red Cross Society of China, coordinating some of the international aid efforts, encouraged financial donations because of the difficulty of getting supplies to those most in need.

At least six schools collapsed to some extent in the quake or aftershocks that followed, Xinhua reported. See a report on rescue operations at the school »

At one school, almost 900 students -- all eighth-graders and ninth-graders, according to a local villager -- were believed to be buried. See workers in Chengdu hiding under their desks during the quake »

At least 50 bodies were pulled from the rubble by Monday night at Juyuan Middle School in Juyuan Township of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, Xinhua reported.

"Some buried teenagers were struggling to free themselves from the ruins while others were calling for help. Eight excavators were working at the site. Devastated parents watched as five cranes worked at the site and an ambulance waited," Xinhua reported.

"A tearful mother said her son, ninth-grader Zhang Chengwei, was buried in the ruins."

Meanwhile, 2,300 people were buried in two collapsed chemical plants in Sichuan's Shifang city, and 80 tons of ammonia leaked out, Xinhua reported. Six hundred people died there. The plants were among a series of buildings that collapsed, including private homes, schools and factories.

The local government has evacuated 6,000 civilians from the area and was dispatching firefighters to help at the scene, Xinhua reported.

Much of the nation's transportation system shut down. Xinhua reported there were "multiple landslides and collapses along railway lines" near Chengdu. Quake victims have been sleeping outside in Chengdu »

Sichuan Province sits in the Sichuan basin and is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west. The Yangtze River flows through the province and the Three Gorges Dam in the nearby Hubei Province controls flooding to the Sichuan -- though there were no reports of damage to the world's largest dam.

Monday's quake was caused by the Tibetan plateau colliding with the Sichuan basin, Zhigang Peng, an earthquake expert at Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, told CNN.

"Earthquakes in this part of China are infrequent but not uncommon," he said.

The last major earthquake in the region occurred in the northwestern margin of the Sichuan basin when a 7.5-magnitude quake killed more than 9,300 people on August 25, 1933.

President Hu Jintao ordered an all-out effort to help those affected, and Premier Wen Jiabao traveled to the region to direct the rescue work, Xinhua reported.

"My fellow Chinese, facing such a severe disaster, we need calm, confidence, courage and efficient organization," Wen was quoted as saying.

"I believe we can certainly overcome the disaster with the public and the military working together under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the government."

Peter Sammonds, professor of geophysics at University College London, called the earthquake "tremendous."

"Particularly in the more remote, the more mountainous part where this has taken place, a lot of the buildings are built on sediments that are quite unstable. They're probably liquifying, causing the buildings to collapse. You might expect landslides to occur, which could actually stop the relief efforts going through on the roads, so this could be very grim in the remoter, more mountainous parts of this province."

While many of the most immediate efforts were focused on Sichuan Province, Xinhua also reported dead and injured in Gansu, Chongqing and Yunnan provinces.

A provincial government spokesman said they feared more dead and injured in collapsed houses in Dujiangyan City in Wenchuan County.

A driver for the seismological bureau said he saw "rows of houses collapsed" in Dujiangyan, Xinhua reported.

Bonnie Thie, the country director of the Peace Corps, told CNN she was on a university campus in Chengdu about 60 miles from the epicenter, in the eastern part of China's Sichuan province, when the first quake hit.

"You could see the ground shaking," Thie told CNN.

The shaking "went on for what seemed like a very long time," she said.

Bruce Presgrave, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, said this quake could cause major damage because of its strength and proximity to major population centers. Also, it was relatively shallow, and those kinds of quakes tend to do more damage near the epicenter than deeper ones, Presgrave said.

An earthquake with 7.5 magnitude in the northern Chinese city of Tangshan killed 255,000 people in 1976 -- the greatest death toll from an earthquake in the last four centuries and the second greatest in recorded history, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Tangshan is roughly 995 miles (1,600 km) from Chengdu, the nearest major city to the epicenter of Monday's quake. Read an explanation about earthquakes »

After the quake struck Monday, the ground shook as far away as Beijing, which is 950 miles (1,528 km) from the epicenter. Residents of the Chinese capital, which hosts this year's Olympic Games in August, felt a quiet, rolling sensation for about a minute. See CNN's interview with an American in Chengdu »

Thousands of people were evacuated from Beijing buildings immediately after the earthquake.

At least seven more earthquakes -- measuring between 4.0 and 6.0 magnitudes -- happened nearby over the four hours after the initial quake at at 2:28 p.m. local time, the USGS reported.


A spokesman for the Beijing Olympic Committee said no Olympic venues were affected. The huge Three Gorges Dam -- roughly 400 miles east of the epicenter -- was not damaged, a spokesman said.

The earthquake was also felt in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Taiwan, and as far away as Hanoi, Vietnam, and Bangkok, Thailand, according to the Hong Kong-based Mandarin-language channel Phoenix TV.

四川已有近万人在地震中罹难 营救工作极为困难






路透北京5月12日电---新华社报导称,中国政府周二表示,周一发生的大地震单在震源中心四川省就造成近一万人死亡。


中国总理温家宝与此同时警告称,营救工作面临巨大障碍,进入受灾最严重地区非常困难。


此次里氏7.8级地震震源中心位于四川省,由于当时是学校正常开课时间,地震造成至少八所学校坍塌,导致大量人员伤亡。官方媒体称,多处工厂以及至少一处医院被夷为平地。


这是中国近30年来最严重的地震,罹难者数字似乎仍可能攀升。


在四川省都江堰市,一所三层高的教学楼倒塌,导致约900名少年被埋在废墟中。村民救出数十名学生,起重机同时在清理废墟。


在四川省什邡市,两处化工厂在震中坍塌,厂区100多人被埋,腐蚀性液体泄漏,6,000名居民被疏散。


中国政府紧急调动军队和医疗队伍,搜救幸存者和治疗伤员。官方电视台画面显示,紧急飞抵四川的温家宝总理向掩埋在混凝土废墟下的人们高声喊话,鼓励他们坚持生存希望。


“大家再坚持一下,我们正在抢救你们!”他透过缝隙喊道,周围的幸存者一片抽泣和呜咽声。


但公路和铁路线遭严重损坏,阻碍了营救人员进入地震中心灾区--距成都约100公里的山区县汶川。温家宝表示,如果迫不得已,部队将徒步行进。


四川电视台报导称,北川羌族自治县有逾7,000人死亡,当地80%建筑物被毁。北川当地人口为16.1万,意味着当地每10人中就有一人死亡或受伤。


“我们在竭尽全力,但公路被岩石等阻塞,”新华社援引四川省委副书记李崇禧的话说。


“但即使必须得步行,我们也必须尽快进入受灾最严重地区,”新华社援引温家宝的话说。


雪上加霜

但天气预报称,四川周二将有大雨,意味着营救工作更为艰难。


“公路遭到严重损坏,我不知道何时会到那里,”一名武警军官李在元(音译)向官方电视台表示,他正带领100名官兵在距汶川约70公里的地区徒步前行。


汶川多数电话线都已中断,其所属的阿坝自治州网站表示,地震导致多条高速公路被切断,11个县区的通讯遭到严重损坏。


新华社援引四川省地震局一位在震源中心附近司机的话说:“我在开车时公路开始晃动。岩石从山上飞下,山谷上空满是灰尘。”


国家旅游局已经下令旅行社停止带团进入或通过震区。(完)

汶川地震图片


5月12日,四川成都,市民在地震后聚集到街道上避震。当日北京时间下午2时28分,四川汶川县(北纬31.0度,东经103.4度)发生里氏7.8级地震,全国大部分地区均有震感。

中国西部发生里氏7.8级地震

中国西部发生里氏7.8级地震
大 中 小2008年05月12日14:59


中国四川省汶川县周一发生里氏7.8级地震。据当地政府报告,建筑和道路受损,在地震中有人员伤亡。新华社报道称,仅该省的一个县估计就有3,000-5,000人丧生。

另据最新消息,据官方称,巴基斯坦北部地区当日也发生了地震,目前尚无人员伤亡或财产损失的报告。

位于白沙瓦的国有气象部门表示,地震发生在当地时间周一下午1:57(格林威治时间8:57),震级为里氏5.2级。震中位于距Hindu Kush山区白沙瓦北部300公里(合186英里)处。

美国地质调查局(U.S. Geological Survey)在其网站上称,中国四川的地震发生在当地时间下午2:28(格林威治时间0628),震中在四川省省会成都市西北方向57英里(92公里)处。地质调查局称震源距离地面6.2英里(10公里)。


据美国地质调查局称,在上述地震发生后不久,同一地区又分别发生了6.0级和5.4级两次余震。

在北京商务区LG双子星大厦内办公的商业资讯师James McGregor说,他以前在台北和美国加州居住期间曾经历过地震,但此次是他经历的地震中震感最强烈的一次,他感觉脚下的地板在移动。

四川省阿坝自治州政府发表的一份声明说,当地建筑物出现了裂纹,一些建筑物发生倒塌。周一的地震发生后一些山区公路受损。声明没有提供具体的伤亡数据。

广告周一成都的急救电话一直占线。接受电话采访的目击者表示,人们纷纷从建筑物中逃离,但没有迹象显示有财产损失或人员受伤。

地震中心位于西藏高原的东缘,该地区山峰高耸,人口密度较低。

在距震中930英里(合1,500公里)远的首都北京,建筑物晃动超过两分钟之久,但目前没有人员伤亡报导。在中央商务区(CBD),地震停止半个小时之后,仍有受惊的公司职员和商场购物者在大楼外徘徊。

里氏7.8级的地震已经是重大事件,在人口稠密的地区可造成重大损失及人员伤亡。

地震发生时,中国大陆东南100英里(160公里)处的台北市建筑物出现晃动。目前尚无伤亡或损失报告。

越南首都河内也有震感,一些人匆忙跑出摇晃的写字楼,跑到市区的街上。

据联合国和欧盟联合成立的全球灾害警报及协调体制(Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System, 简称GDAC)提供的信息显示,震中地区人烟稀少,但距离成都市仅仅53英里。成都及周边地区共有1000万人口。GDAC表示,如此强度的地震会在方圆62英里范围内造成破坏。

GDAC指出,如此强烈的地震可能带来“高度的人道主义影响”,并可能引发致人死亡的山体滑坡。GDAC在网站上发表声明称,此次地震可能造成高度的人道主义影响,而且受灾区域在自然灾害面前属于中等脆弱性区域。

GDAC还警告称,此次地震可能造成很大的影响,因为地震发生时是白天,道路上可能满是汽车,人们当时或许正在可能发生倒塌的高层建筑中工作。

据官方媒体新华社报导,中国国家主席胡锦涛作出重要指示,要求尽快抢救伤员,保证灾区人民生命安全。报导还称,国务院总理温家宝正赶赴灾区。

地震发生时,北京一家金融通信公司Beijing Brunswick Consultancy的合伙人蔡金庆(音)正在LG大楼中,他说,我感到房间在水平晃动,非常强烈,我都无法坐下了。

地震发生后,四川的电话线路立刻发生拥堵,因而很难立刻联系到震中周边地区的人员。
电视画面中地震后的北京。在距震中930英里远
的北京,建筑物晃动超过两分钟之久,很多人都
从建筑物中疏散现年65岁的冯姓先生是成都居民。他说,地震发生时,他正在一幢13层大楼的二楼。大楼晃动得很厉害,一些窗户破损,墙面和天花板看起来都在剥落。他说,这是20多年来他见过的最严重的一次地震。

他说,很多成都市民现在都站在街上,不敢回家,担心会发生余震。

红十字会与红新月会国际联合会(International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)救灾管理官员Qing Hui说,目前最重要的的是疏散和救援工作,并向灾民提供基本的食宿。他说,该机构目前收到的信息非常少,但是他肯定有地方受灾了,地震发生在一个人口非常密集的地区。他说,该机构在当地有200多名工作人员,还有一些志愿者。

据美国驻华大使馆发言人Susan Stevenson说,美国驻成都领事馆未明显受损。

新华社的报导说,此次地震的震中汶川县有人口111,800人。这一地区有大量藏族人口,在西藏首府拉萨发生反政府骚乱后,该地区最近也爆发了几次与政府武装力量的冲突。中国的卧龙自然保护区也位于汶川县,那里是中国最大的大熊猫繁育基地。

此次地震中距震中很远城市的办公楼也产生了晃动。在分别距震中约1,500公里和1,600公里的北京和上海,人们纷纷从高层写字楼中疏散出来。两市的大街上站满了被疏散出或逃离写字楼的办公室白领。在建筑工地工作的民工也离开工作岗位躲避地震。一些高层写字楼摇晃了数分钟。

现居北京的美国加州萨克拉门托居民Lisa Raffi说,当北京产生震感时,她家的灯和地下室的门来回晃动。她说此次地震的震感大于她在萨克拉门托所经历过的地震。Lisa Raffi称,人们能在北京看到此次地震的影响,在这里你能感觉到它,地震中人们有失去平衡的感觉。

泰国首都曼谷也有震感,这里在震中西南约2,000公里。

'Thousands dead' in Chinese quake




Rescue workers have been trying to reach students of Juyuan Middle School

A powerful earthquake has killed between 3,000 and 5,000 people in one county alone in Sichuan province, south-western China, reports say.

Thousands are feared killed and injured across other areas after the quake, which had a magnitude of 7.8, struck at 1428 local time (0628GMT).

Desperate efforts are under way to find survivors. One school that collapsed has buried an estimated 900 students.

President Hu Jintao has urged "all-out" efforts to rescue victims.

The epicentre of the earthquake was about 92km (57 miles) from Chengdu, Sichuan's provincial capital.

Because the earthquake struck in the middle of the day, it is feared that many schoolchildren may be among the victims.

Cries for help

There are harrowing reports from the scene of the school collapse in Dujiangyan city - about 100km (60 miles) from the epicentre.


Teenagers buried beneath the rubble of the three-storey Juyuan Middle School building were struggling to break free, while others were crying out for help, state news agency Xinhua reported.

Parents were watching as cranes excavated the site. Villagers rushed to help with the rescue.

Two girls said they escaped because they had "run faster than others".

One of the worst-hit areas appeared to be Beichuan county, part of the Mianyang city municipal area.

Some 80% of buildings there were reported to have been destroyed, leaving between 3,000 and 5,000 people dead and up to 10,000 injured.

Fast response

Dozens of aftershocks have been reported since the quake, which was the strongest to hit Sichuan province in more than 30 years, Xinhua reports.

Eyewitness Gilles Barbier: 'It was very scary'

The province is the most populated part of China - home to 87 million people.

State television said the quake had not caused major damage to Chengdu, which has a population of more than 10 million people, or to the nearby Three Gorges Dam.

However, there were reports of factories, dormitories and other buildings collapsing near the epicentre.

Troops and helicopters have been sent to help with relief work.

The BBC's Quentin Somerville says the Chinese army has a good record of mobilising and getting people to safety.

He also says it is one of the most open and speedy responses to an emergency he has ever seen from Chinese state media.

The quake was felt as far away as Beijing, he says, meaning millions of people will feel connected to the disaster and will be watching TV screens closely to see how the government responds.

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China: 5,000 feared dead in quake

BEIJING, China (CNN) -- Up to 5,000 people are feared to have been killed by Monday's powerful earthquake in just one affected region of central China, the Chinese government said.


Students help a fainted classmate in Qionglai city in southwest China's Sichuan province.
3 of 3 State-run news agency Xinhua said authorities in Sichuan Province believed about 10,000 people were injured, in Beichuan County, in the northeastern part of the province.

The Sichuan provincial disaster relief headquarters said 80 percent of the buildings collapsed in the Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County after the 7.8-magnitude quake, Xinhua reported.

Several hundred students are also feared to be buried in collapsed school buildings, the agency said.

The quake was "felt in most parts of China," Xinhua reported, with the confirmed casualties in the provinces and municipality of Sichuan, Gansu, Chongqing and Yunnan.

Xinhua said several schools collapsed, at least partially, in the quake. At one, as many as 900 students were feared buried.

"Some buried teenagers were struggling to break loose from underneath the ruins while others were crying out for help," Xinhua reported.

"Grieved parents watched as five cranes were excavating at the site and an ambulance was waiting."

One person was killed in Santai County, in the city of Mianyang, when a water tower fell, the news agency reported.

Another person was killed when a water tower fell in the city of Mianyang, the news agency reported.

A provincial government spokesman said they feared more dead and injured in collapsed houses in Dujiangyan City in Wenchuan County, Xinhua reported.

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The news agency also quoted a driver for the seismological bureau saying he saw "rows of houses collapsed" in Dujiangyan.

Chinese President Hu Jintao immediately ordered an all-out effort to help victims of the earthquakes, Xinhua reported. It said Premier Wen Jiabao would go there to direct the rescue work. See workers in Chengdu hiding under their desks during the quake.

Bonnie Thie, the country director the Peace Corps, was on a university campus in Chengdu about 100 km from the epicenter, in the eastern part of China's Sichuan province, when the first quake hit.

"You could see the ground shaking," Thie told CNN.

The shaking "went on for what seemed like a very long time," she said.

"This is a very dangerous earthquake," said Bruce Presgrave, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey.

The quake had the potential to cause major damage because of its strength and proximity to major population centers, he said. Read an explanation about earthquakes. »

In addition, the earthquake was relatively shallow, Presgrave said, and those kinds of quakes tend to do more damage near the epicenter than deeper ones.

An earthquake with 7.5 magnitude in the northern Chinese city of Tangshan killed 255,000 people in 1976 -- the greatest death toll from an earthquake in the last four centuries and the second greatest in recorded history, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

Tangshan is roughly 1,600 km from Chengdu, the nearest major city to the epicenter of Monday's quake.

After the first quake struck Monday, the ground shook as far away as Beijing, which is 1,500 km from the epicenter.

They felt "a very quiet rolling sensation" that lasted for about a minute, according to CNN correspondent John Vause.

"Our building began to sway," he said.

Thousands of people were evacuated from Beijing high-rises immediately after the earthquake.

At least six more earthquakes -- measuring between 4.0 and 6.0 magnitudes -- happened nearby over the three hours after the initial quake at at 2:28 p.m. local time (0728 GMT), the USGS reported.


A spokesman for the Beijing Olympic Committee said no Olympic venues were affected by the earthquake. The massive Three Gorges Dam -- roughly 600 km east of the epicenter -- was not damaged, a spokesman said.

The earthquake was also felt in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Taiwan, and as far away as Hanoi, Vietnam, and Bangkok, Thailand, according to the Hong Kong-based Mandarin-language channel Phoenix TV.